英国国家概况——历史（三）

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六、The Movements and the Revolutions

(一) The English Civil War

The English Civil War also called Puritan Revolution (清教徒革命), was a series if armed conflicts and political machinations between the Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) and Cavalier (supporters of the King).    

The first Civil war (1642~1646)opposed the supporters of King Charles Ӏ. Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles Ӏ and the Parliament developed into the Civil War. Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned.

The Second Civil War(1648~1649) was against the supporters of the Long Parliament (长期会议). Still determined not to compromise with his enemies, the captive king (Charles Ӏ) managed to stir up a new bout of violence known as the Second Civil War. Charles Ӏ was tried and found guilty of high treason, as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy”. the second war was ended with the execution of Charles Ӏ in 1649.

The third Civil War (1649~1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles ӀӀ and supporters of the Rump Parliament(残余议会). The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. After the Royalist defeat, Charles ӀӀ escaped to France. Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Roundheads, formed republican England, known as the Commonwealth of England (英联邦). The English monarchy was established.

(二) The Restoration

After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, the regime began immediately to collapse. The parliament thus elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late king’s son to return from his ling exile in France as King Charles ӀӀ. On 4 April 1660, Charles ӀӀ issued the Declaration of Breda(《布列达宣言》), in which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the crown of England. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.

(三) The Glorious Revolution

James ӀI, the brother of Charles ӀI, is a Catholic king of England. Opposing his authoritarian, the English politicians appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, Mary's husband to invade and take the English throne. This takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, so it became known as the Glorious Revolution (光荣革命). It is also called the Revolution of 1688. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the British established bourgeois monarchy, embarked on a path of capitalist development.

(四) The Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution(工业革命) was a process in which the capitalists large-scale industries operated by machines replaced handicraft workshops, which was the early experience of capitalist industrialization. The industrial revolution took place in the middle part of England in the 18th century, and it began with the textile industry(纺织业). Britain was the first country to industrialize. As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Britain was by1830 the “workshop of the world(世界工厂)”.

(五) The Chartist Movement

The Chartist Movement: It was a movement of the working class for realizing the “people's charter” which was about universal suffrage. The Chartist Movement reached its height from 1839 to 1848.